Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Answer. Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Verse 13. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. His family ruled for many generations. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. Rajatharangini ; Vidwan T.K. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation Because of this, the Nga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. Sanskrit Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel 0 0 Similar questions In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. Sample translated sentence: Heill on sen thden puhdas asema Jehovan edess. The Loharas ruled for many generations. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. "useRatesEcommerce": false But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. Has data issue: true Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. In the legacy of Sanskrit, Kashmir and Kerala can be said to have a unique fellowship of literary creativity, with icons like Bilhana and Somadeva in Kashmir and Shankara and Narayana Bhattathiri in Kerala. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. Son of Sukhavarman. He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. Jizya was abolished too in his command. , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). An unpopular king, he was killed. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The Shah Mir Sultanate and other South Asian polities, circa 1400 CE. His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. for this article. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. elsewhere. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Verse 15. Match words . [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). Murdered by Radda. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. The Hindi translation of Pandeya Ram Tej is another well-acclaimed book. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. Hiranya died childless. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. Omissions? Corrections? He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? Verse 11. According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Rajatarangini . ). Son of Jayapida and Durgi. Subscriber Only Stories View All Buy 2-year plan with SD20 code for special price Verse 12. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (9801003 CE) placed Samgrmarja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Rajatarangini/Original languages Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. Subscribe here. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. Brought up by, Within 6months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war. The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. All rights reserved. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. He was known for his religious tolerance. Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. 1 Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Verse 12. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. He was a vyavahari (perhaps merchant) who along with others who owned villages like him had set up little kingdoms during the last days of Karkotas. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. Among other things that fall within its wide sweep, the work contains references not only to such things as the countrys episodic encounters with China across the border, but also to the depredations of Mahmud Ghazni in Kashmirs neighbourhood around 1013 that portended the eventual Islamic conquest of Kashmir, the land variously heirs to the spiritual heritage of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. 23 February 2011. Turn on. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. Answer. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. He was (I.191) the first of his race. Verse 13. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Sussala's son. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. } 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. . The kings of Kashmir described in the Rajatarangini are given below. They cannot be abusive or personal. Verse 15. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. orders. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. Jonaraja He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. The earliest reference to the Kambojas is around the 5th century BCE. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Ramdas was a devotee of Hanuman and Rama. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. Was this answer helpful? Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? . In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then