J. Moreover, mechanical recycling cannot be used with polymers that do not reversibly melt (e.g., crosslinked polymers). Li, J., Nagamani, C. & Moore, J. S. Polymer mechanochemistry: from destructive to productive. Before COVID-19, e0 in Brazil lagged behind many countries in Asia, Europe and the Americas. Krishna Reddy Mogulla - Industry Principal, Life Sciences - LinkedIn Mechanically-induced chemical changes in polymeric materials. Coates, G. W. & Getzler, Y. D. Y. L. Chemical recycling to monomer for an ideal, circular polymer economy. https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/super-absorbent-polymer-market (20152020). 127, 289301 (2016). Child immunization was reduced, particularly among impoverished children in the North region29. LIFE-2022-SAP-NAT-GOV Gamtos valdysenos projektai (angl. a, Change (in years) in the femalemale gap in e0 and e65 based on the difference from life tables calculated for 2019 and 2020 by state and sex. Created a powerful network of specialist vendors Key qualities and experiences: Project delivery of complicated, multi stream, long-term projects from inception to BAU Business process optimization. 9, 407418 (2021). We demonstrate herein that our open-loop recycling approach to pressure-sensitive adhesives from superabsorbent polymers outcompetes the petroleum-derived syntheses on nearly every metric, including global warming potential and cumulative energy demand. The magnitude of the COVID-19 death toll was not homogenous across states and was associated with the pattern of spread18. As a consequence, there is an intrinsic, limiting molar mass for each polymer below which further chain scissions are unlikely to occur. Characterisation of the first 250,000 hospital admissions for COVID-19 in Brazil: a retrospective analysis of nationwide data. and JavaScript. Ultrason. Science 372, 821826 (2021). Heuveline, P. & Tzen, M. Beyond deaths per capita: comparative COVID-19 mortality indicators. 29, 233246 (1990). GetScriptingEngine End If If Not IsObject (connection) Then Set connection = application. Among the states, Amazonas lost approximately 60% for both sexes and 68% among males. All authors contributed to the interpretation of results and manuscript editing. Rahimi, A. The crosslinks were first hydrolyzed using 0.3M aq. Without a change in coordination of pandemic response, expansion of testing and a rapid increase in vaccination, Brazil will soon become a serious threat to national and global health security42. The superabsorbent polymer provided by P&G is a sodium poly(acrylate) crosslinked via ~0.05mol% poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate co-monomer (PAAP&G)30. Google Scholar. Recent technologies for treatment and recycling of used disposable baby diapers. 9w%?>Jb(o.IACt"`. M.C.C., N.G., C.M.T. a, Ratio of COVID-19 deaths reported in 2021 (JanuaryApril) to those reported in 2020 (%). That is, the PSAs are soft enough to flow and wet a substrate at the bonding frequency, while hard enough to hold onto a substrate, and peel cleanly at the debonding frequency. We also calculated state inequalities in life expectancy, measured as the difference between the lowest and the highest state life expectancy, to assess changes due to COVID-19 (Methods). Clean. are employees at P&G. Abbasi, J. Clin. Pract. Proc. y?UT=*b!k jV/d=ucKW|8pJ{XCz"Xb3lhUY?|4~'"nj(\9c XP9@p*;+dw. Eng. We found that the faster the speed at which COVID-19 spread across municipalities (a lower locational Hoover Index), the larger the changes in e0 (Pearson correlation=0.724, P<0.001). Raber, D. J. et al. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003). Single phase. We removed 2,689 (0.20%) and 2,722 (0.18%) records in 2019 and 2020, respectively, that did not have information on sex and/or age. Rev. We surmise that the estimates derived from the decrement life table techniques (DT19 and DT20) are higher than those reported in the text because of additional biases related to violation of the assumption of independence between COVID-19 and other causes and misdiagnosis of cause of death. Tbuas Abreviadas de Mortalidade por Sexo e Idade. xUmo@G9*R*S[u#>RejBG4aSgcwy2+`p3CJ)i Ellen MacArthur Foundation. The LIFE programme is structured in two fields - Environment and Climate Action - and it contributes to these priorities through its four sub-programmes: Environment field: 1. Plastics and the Environment. Governors in that region imposed the most rigorous measures of physical distancing, in direct opposition to recommendations from the President14. Internet Explorer). We also used these period life tables to calculate the femalemale gap in e0 and e65 (Supplementary Table 7); the difference between the highest and lowest state life expectancies; the loss due to COVID-19 relative to increases in e0 and e65 (by sex and state) over the past two decades (20002020) (Supplementary Tables 8 and 9); and the setback in life expectancy due to COVID-19 identified by the years when the life expectancies estimated for 2020 and 2021 were last observed (Supplementary Table 10). Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. In Latin America, at least four countries experienced secular mortality declines at earlier dates: Argentina, Uruguay, Costa Rica and Cuba9. The state gap remained roughly the same for both e0 and e65 (Fig. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.02.21252772 (2021). US Patent 9,321,868 B2 (April 26, 2016). The lack of a coordinated, prompt and equitable response informed by science, as well as the promotion of disinformation, have been the hallmark of the current administration27. For DT19, nRx is calculated as the ratio of expected deaths in the absence of COVID-19 to expected deaths in the presence of COVID-19. T32 AG000037). and M.T.R. Therefore, our estimates would not be seriously affected by missing deaths unless a different pattern of errors emerges in 2020. J. Org. Peer review information Nature Medicine thanks Pedro Hallal, Usama Bilal and Vladimir Canudas Romo for their contribution to the peer review of this work. We show that life expectancy in the presence of COVID-19 is equivalent to levels observed in Brazil as far back as 20 or more years in some states. Sap gui scripting python - yebsw.von-der-leuchtenburg.de Lancet Glob. To compute the total persons-years lived for 2020, we added the monthly contributions. Jennifer Sargent was the primary editor on this article and managed its editorial process and peer review in collaboration with the rest of the editorial team. To determine whether the base-mediated or acid-catalyzed pathway was better, the two routes were compared using a cradle-to-product life cycle assessment (LCA, Supplementary Fig. Prot. Frequently Asked Questions We offer five reasons as to why. Silveira, M. F. et al. To estimate total deaths in the presence of COVID-19, we used different methodological approaches. Missed childhood immunizations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: analyses of routine statistics and of a national household survey. 5)49,50. We used death rates from all causes (including COVID-19) to calculate single-decrement life tables in 2019 and 2020. Nature 594, 259264 (2021). In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003). From an energetic standpoint, the CED is reduced by 18.8% and 18.6% with the sonication scenarios, and further reduced (by 24.8%) in the scenario without sonication. %PDF-1.7 Adv. The synthetic polymer community created these impactful materials, and now, we must turn our attention towards technologies that facilitate their collection and recycling, to create a circular economy that is more sustainable7. We did not make any corrections for the under-registration of deaths. US Provisional Patent Application No. Boletim Extraordinrio do Observatrio Covid-19 Fiocruz. performed the life cycle assessments mentored by J.A. 2. Report 19: the potential impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on HIV, TB and malaria in low- and middle-income countries. endobj Because these data are not available by age and sex, we used de-identified publicly available data on severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) hospitalizations from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (Sistema de Informao de Vigilncia Epidemiolgica da Gripe, or SIVEP-Gripe, in Portuguese). 2a and Supplementary Table 7). 4074 https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?id=297884&view=detalhes (IBGE, Coordenao de Geografia, 2016). & Cameron, E. E. Suboptimal US response to COVID-19 despite robust capabilities and resources. (In contrast to this assumption, the potential dependence between COVID-19 and other causes might lead to modified probabilities of dying from other causes if COVID-19 were eliminated or added as a cause of death.) July 4, 2022 life 2021 sap nat naturebritish white cattle for sale in washingtonbritish white cattle for sale in washington Researchers investigate what COVID-19 does to the heart. To the extent that correction factors are approximately equal for 2019 and 2020, our estimates are not seriously affected by missing deaths. Teikti paraik ia. To monitor this process, we measured changes in the complex viscosity over time. Fundao Oswaldo Cruz. Experienced Manager with a demonstrated history of working in the computer software industry. & van der Schaar, M. Ethnic and regional variations in hospital mortality from COVID-19 in Brazil: a cross-sectional observational study. performed the computations mentored by P.M.Z. Takaya, C. A. et al. U.S. Patent Application 2021/0054161 A1 (February 25, 2021). Expected Impact . Syntheses of pressure-sensitive adhesives from petroleum feedstocks (industrial approach) compared to waste diaper-based feedstock (open-loop recycling). An international comparison of age and sex dependency of COVID-19 deaths in 2020: a descriptive analysis, A population-based cohort study of socio-demographic risk factors for COVID-19 deaths in Sweden, Years of life lost to COVID-19 in 81 countries, Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of HIV Mortality in China: Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016, Disease and healthcare burden of COVID-19 in the United States, Impact of COVID-19 on older adults and role of long-term care facilities during early stages of epidemic in Italy, Global ecological analysis of COVID-19 mortality and comparison between the East and the West, Short- and medium-term impacts of strict anti-contagion policies on non-COVID-19 mortality in China, Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2, https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/social/population/18176-population-projection.html, https://opendatasus.saude.gov.br/nl/dataset, https://github.com/mcastrolab/Brazil-Covid19-e0-change/tree/main/data, https://github.com/mcastrolab/Brazil-Covid19-e0-change/tree/main/code, https://www.vitalstrategies.org/resources/excess-mortality-in-brazil-a-detailed-description-of-trends-in-mortality-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/, https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cdha/latinmortality/wp-content/uploads/book_Ch2.pdf, https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?id=297884&view=detalhes, https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.02.21252772, https://portal.fiocruz.br/sites/portal.fiocruz.br/files/documentos/boletim_covid_2021_extraordinario_maio.pdf, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/14/brazil-manaus-amazonas-covid-coronavirus, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.21252554v1, http://www.genomahcov.fiocruz.br/tabela-de-dados/, https://virological.org/t/first-reported-cases-of-sars-cov-2-sub-lineage-b-1-617-2-in-brazil-an-outbreak-in-a-ship-and-alert-for-spread/706, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.12.002, https://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37022&Itemid=448, https://blogdoibre.fgv.br/posts/auxilio-emergencial-faz-pobreza-cair-em-plena-pandemia, http://olheparaafome.com.br/VIGISAN_Inseguranca_alimentar.pdf, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/brazil-begins-parliamentary-inquiry-into-bolsonaros-covid-response, Correlation between human development index and its components with COVID-19 indices: a global level ecologic study, Coronavirus disease-related in-hospital mortality: a cohort study in a private healthcare network in Brazil, The 90 plus: longevity and COVID-19 survival, Years of life lost during the Covid-19 pandemic in Sweden considering variation in life expectancy by level of geriatric care. Chem. 4d). For each state and sex, we calculated the difference between the two life tables to estimate reductions in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19 (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). We assumed that those dying in a given month from any cause contributed, on average, 0.5/12 person-years, whereas the contribution of survivors was 1/12 person-years. Process for Producing Acrylic Acid. Preparation of pressure sensitive adhesives from post-consumer superabsorbent polymers. <> Proposals under this topic must address EU Nature and Biodiversity legislation compliance assurance and access to justice by:- establishing new or, where in place, enhancing existing cross-border, national or regional networks of compliance assurance practitioners or experts; and/or establishing or, where in place, improving professional Environ. The reduction in life expectancy at age 65 (e65) in 2020 was 0.9 years, setting Brazil back to 2012 levels. Semin. Through a multidisciplinary approach, the project intends to improve the conservation status of Caretta caretta, thanks to the establishment of an international network, through the use of the best shared techniques and the use of a monitoring system. In this approach, the VW for each PSA is constructed from the dynamic storage (G) and loss (G) moduli at representative bonding and debonding frequencies of 0.01 and 100Hz, respectively. <>/Metadata 249 0 R/ViewerPreferences 250 0 R>> Diabetes Res. J. Polym. Z. Dokumentai pareikjams: Gairs Paraikos forma (A ir B dalys) Priedas "Vietovs apraymas" Priedas "Ri ir buveini apraymas" While catalytic depolymerization methods20 can, in principle, proceed without side-chain degradation, they have not yet been demonstrated for commercial sources of polyacrylic acid. b, Gap (in years) in state e0 and e65 in 2019 and 2020, calculated as the difference between the largest and smallest life expectancy among states (Methods). As of 25 May 2021, 20 of the 27 capital cities have intensive care unit occupancy above 80% (half of those above 90%)20. 1 Land Law III (LLAW3105) Exam DECEMBER 2021 MARKING GUIDE Examiner I: II: University #: Q1 (22) + Q2 (18) + Q3 (12) + Q4 (14) + Q5 (14) - Total Marks: (out of 80) Q Suggested points/answers Marks 1(a) Land is held under Tso, Chinese customary trust for ancestral worship and is supposed to be inalienable and perpetual. LIFE 2021 - 2027 Webinar The resulting polymers were isolated in ~97% yield (over the two steps). "Environment" area. 1a, Supplementary Table 1 and Methods), with a larger drop for males (1.57 years) than females (0.95 years). Height influenced biomass accumulation and hence C gain, where life forms . U.S. Patent 9,447,309 B2. Faria, N. R. et al. Excess mortality in Brazil: a detailed description of trends in mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Funding & tenders Most of their feedstocks come from nonrenewable resources3. We have included these important steps in our life cycle assessments, however, our syntheses utilized the more readily accessible samples of superabsorbent polymer used to manufacture diapers at P&G. Health 8, E1018E1026 (2020). BMJ Open 11, e042934 (2021). In Ullmans Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Spatiotemporal pattern of COVID-19 spread in Brazil. Sci. Buss, L. F. et al. :X"."o:XKw$0/vvDvXK When we started back in 1995, we were the first company in the world to provide a new kind of electricity- the green kind. Liu, Y., Lotero, E. & Goodwin, J. G. Jr Effect of water on sulfuric acid catalyzed esterification. The evergreen broadleaved shrubs were shorter in height (3.06 0.99 m) than palm-leaved life forms (19.29 5.39 m). Chubarova, E. V., Melenevskaya, E. Y. The decline was larger for males, widening by 9.1% the femalemale gap in e0. endobj A life cycle assessment was used to compare the routes that involved (i) no sonication, (ii) sonication for 1min (2.5% w/v) and (iii) sonication for 2min (5.0% w/v), including the workup steps, and will be described in more detail below. Int. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV - Nature Governance - Standard Action Projects (SAP) I progetti relativi a questa call devono essere orientati verso la garanzia di conformit alla legislazione dell'UE in materia di natura e biodiversit e l'accesso alla giustizia mediante: J. 2U19AI089681-08). Plots of weight-average molar mass (Mw) versus time and maximum specific energy (wmax) for sonicating PAAP&G at a 2.5% w/v and b 5.0% w/v. A conscientious employee, willing to learn new skills, open to instruction and feedback with a background in varied product, process and people management. Preston, S., Heuveline, P. & Guillot, M. Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes (Wiley-Blackwell, 2000). Reaction conditions for base-mediated and acid-catalyzed decrosslinking reactions with LCA comparison. Second, we used deaths from all causes by age, sex, cause of death and state of residence provided by the Mortality Information System from the Ministry of Health for 2019 (n=1,345,543) and 2020 (n=1,541,556). Disruption in treatment and diagnosis of tuberculosis and HIV might increase mortality over the next 5 years30. Nature and Biodiversity ID LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE . Soc. 1 0 obj Chem. Fornof, A. R. et al. La Commissione europea ha pubblicato i primi bandi del programma LIFE 2021-2027 per l' ambiente, il clima e l' energia . 1b and Supplementary Table 2)5. 4). An accomplished and highly motivated senior ABAP Developer. Aburto, J. M. et al. J. Gairs ir kiti dokumentai - LIFE projektai Moriguchi, T. & Arita, Y. are supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant no. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01437-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01437-z. DT19 and DT20 assess the effect of including and excluding, respectively, only deaths for which COVID-19 was listed as the underlying cause on the death certificate. X.iieS(,& We calculate three sets of estimates of life expectancy decline but argue that those based on the difference in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020, which include all reported deaths in those 2 years, are the most defensible because they do not depend on accurate classification of cause of death, determination of whether the death was directly or indirectly due to COVID-19 or assumptions about independence among causes. 4b,c). https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cdha/latinmortality/wp-content/uploads/book_Ch2.pdf (2015). JAMA 325, 808811 (2021). Peer review information Nature Communications thanks the anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Rio Grande do Sul, in the South, was the only state with an estimated increase in e0 from 2019 to 2020 for both sexes (0.07 years) but a decline for males of 0.11 years. Specifically, using a 2 or 3 step synthetic process, the sodium polyacrylate is converted into a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA), which has a significant global market (expected to be $13 billion by 2023) (https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/pressure-sensitive-adhesives-market). Wernet, G. et al. Recording of LIFE Infoday session(edition Call 2021- content valid also for call 2022) Acrylic acid and derivatives. A. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)Office of Land and Emergency Management. Castro, M. C. et al. Get the latest from your favourite shows on National Geographic The estimated setback for e65 was overwhelming, equalling values last observed as far back as the early 2000s in most states in the North region and before 2000 in Amazonas, Par and Gois. Sci. Chazovachii, P. T., Somers, M., Alfaro, J., McNeil, A. J. All environmental data were gathered from experiments, literature, or the ecoinvent database (version 3.5)51, and implemented in SimaPro v. 9.0.0.4850, as described in detail within the Supporting Information (Supplementary Information pgs S36S41). The complex viscosity again dropped several orders of magnitude over 24h, at which point no further changes were observed, again suggesting that most crosslinks have been hydrolyzed (Supplementary Fig. THIS GRANT IS CURRENTLY CLOSED. Creton, C. Pressure-sensitive adhesives: An introductory course. Ventura, D. F. L., Giulio, G. M. & Rached, D. H. Lessons from the Covid-19 pandemic: sustainability is an indispensable condition of global health security. Chem. Numbers above 100 indicate more deaths in 2021 than 2020. Marques, N. P. et al. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Genomics and epidemiology of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil. 79, 22302244 (2001). The consequences, sadly and unacceptably, will continue to be measured in human lives lost, and the future demographic consequences might be even worse than those reported here. quizlet cosmetology. The Guardian. This compromised screening for cancer, with a reduction of about 35% in new diagnoses28. Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, P. Takunda Chazovachii,Michael T. Robo,E. Neil G. Marsh,Paul M. Zimmerman&Anne J. McNeil, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Materials Science InnovationCorporate R&D, The Procter & Gamble Co., West Chester, OH, USA, Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, You can also search for this author in Reaction conditions and yields for acid-catalyzed esterification of poly(acrylic acid), acetic acid, and undecanoic acid. To summarize, we developed a facile and potentially scalable method to synthesize commercially relevant PSAs by open-loop recycling poly(acrylic acid) sourced from a leading diaper manufacturer. J. Adhes. To calculate person-years for 2020, we first interpolated population projections, assuming exponential growth by age, sex and state, for the first day of each month in 2020. George Giles - VP Marketing & Strategy - LinkedIn Records with ill-defined, unspecified or unattended deaths (codes R99 and R98) in 2020 were treated as non-COVID-19 deaths (4.9% (75,484/1,541,556)). LIFE-2022-SAP-NAT Nature and Biodiversity - Standard Action Projects (SAP) & Shamanin, V. V. Chain degradation under low-intensity sonication of polymer solutions in the presence of filler: Mechanism of ultrasonic degradation of flexible chain macromolecules. Jul 13, 2021 Nature and Biodiversity ID:LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE Type of action: [object Object] Objective: To contribute to European Union objectives for the protection, maintenance and restoration of the Union's natural capital in its marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Prajapat, A. L. & Gogate, P. R. Intensification of depolymerization of polyacrylic acid solution using different approaches based on ultrasound and solar irradiation with intensification studies. 239, 255261 (2019). This year's call for the 2021 is open to two areas and their sub-programmes: 1. 63/174,000 (filed April 13, 2021). Z., Sohail, N., Hayes, R. L. & Brooks, C. L. Overcoming challenging substituent perturbations with multisite -dynamics: A case study targeting -secretase 1. Adoption is complex, emotional, life-altering. Our mission was, and remains, to change the way energy is made and used in. The calculation and figure codes required to reproduce the results presented in this paper are available at https://github.com/mcastrolab/Brazil-Covid19-e0-change/tree/main/code. endobj Lancet Glob. PDF LIFE 2021 Nature and Biodiversity Calls for proposals for: Standard et al. Chem. These results suggest that the substrate hydrophobicity also favors conversion to the ester. Similarly to Brazil, many other countries in Latin America experienced a relatively fast pace of mortality improvement during this period, benefitting from the public health and medical progress of their forerunners9,11. However, this process utilizes expensive solvents (dimethylsulfoxide or dimethylformamide) and stoichiometric quantities of base (tetramethylguanidine), both of which would likely be too costly for large-scale recycling of waste superabsorbent materials. Article Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Based on the total number of deaths reported in Brazil in 2019 and 2020, we constructed period life tables and calculated the difference in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020 by state and sex (Methods). In contrast, when acetic acid was reacted with ethanol/water, the conversion was only 68%. Nature and Biodiversity ). When intense shocks like a pandemic or war occur, life expectancy drops, but it often rebounds quickly. defined the methodology. stream Santos, M. C. et al. !J8Di,t1@'l:fBHM?bG)z6PRIq\QiA#J%B,yd6:$U drJH!e+Lal#fl&|5v{@V:"`as[#!S/`GoQd&~^lsv)rp. PDF Nature and Biodiversity Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil. The global annual production of this class of materials is estimated to be over 2 million metric tons, with disposable diapers claiming 74% of the market13. 44, 11491154 (1979). Commercial polyacrylate-based PSAs are often accessed via petroleum-sourced monomers (Fig. Catal. %PDF-1.7 Carvalho, C. A., Viola, P. C. A. F. & Sperandio, N. How is Brazil facing the crisis of food and nutrition security during the COVID-19 pandemic? Part B 52, 873896 (2013). and S.G. conducted the formal analysis.