PubMedGoogle Scholar. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. Surg Neurol. Bioelectromagnetics. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. PLoS One. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Front Neurosci. Neurosci Lett. Cosquer et al. Wang et al. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Springer Nature. 2007;34:146779. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged . Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. [42] found similar results. 2004;115:1490505. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings - SlideShare Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Synapse. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Gold PE. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. Article Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. Int J Radiat Biol. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. 2000;6:18793. 1992;49:1818. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. J Neuro-Oncol. 2011;174:211. 1999;9:3438. PubMed PubMed Central Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Overview | Occupational Safety Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. (PDF) Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health. 2012;31:6774. Google Scholar. PubMed 2010;86:37683. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. 2007;28:187380. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. 2009;64:2314. 2014:125. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. 2007;96:218196. Google Scholar. Ning et al. Gene. PLoS One. 2009;158:12639. 1984;5:6370. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. P Nat Acad. 2003;41:26887. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Article Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. Specifically, the Federal Communications . 2012;31:25074. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. Int J Radiat Biol. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. PubMed Interaction of Radiation with Matter - GSU static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Joubert et al. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Google Scholar. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. 2015;91:30611. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. 2004;155:3743. 2014;90:2935. Article Correspondence to The role of microRNAs in cancer. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. 2010;3:4650. Dasdag et al. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. 1990;39:13543. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;28:445. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. 2004;2004:19. Int J Radiat Biol. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. Trends Cell Biol. 2006;79:13140. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. J Radiat Proc. 1994;15:95104. Biomed Environ Sci. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Iran J Public Health. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Bioelectromagnetics. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Mortazavi et al. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. 2004;23:20114. Brain Res. Mobile Effects on Human Body - slideshare.net However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. Motawi et al. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. Indian J Occup Environ Med. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. Arch Environ Health. PDF Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health: A Review of Sources and Effects Sci STKE. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Biochem J. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. 1994;8:714. Google Scholar. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Electromagn Biol Med. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Bioelectromagnetics. The Dangers of Microwaves and Their Effects on Food - Natural Society PDF Electromagnetic Waves and Human Health - IntechOpen Behav Brain Res. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. Google Scholar. 2008;49:16370. 1992;114:16202. 2003;14:2436. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. 2009;27:556572. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. J Environ Health. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. 2013;89:11007. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. 2004;996:8996. 2016;397:2239. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. radiations. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. 2000;11:4135. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Int J Radiat Biol. 2009;4:e4389. 2008;86:718. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. PubMed Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. & Hu, XJ. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. 2008;29:52738. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. 2006;398:2537. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . Int J Epidemiol. J Neuro. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones.