Consider Williamss Empire as a Way of Life , a 226-page survey of U.S. imperial ambitions that engages in no substantive discussion of any overseas territory. I am counting the time between when a territory was annexed to the United States to the time it was admitted to the Union as a state. It is generally held to be an illegal act. 4. One thinks of Teddy Roosevelt achieving national fame by charging up San Juan Heights in Cuba, William Howard Tafts terms as governor-general in the Philippines and then Secretary of War (with supervision over the colonies), Daniel Burnhams ambitious urban plans for Manila and Baguio, Margaret Meads fieldwork in American Samoa, and New Dealer Rexford Tugwells governorship of Puerto Rico. U.S. Territorial Acquisitions Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood endobj They appeared frequently at the front of atlases or as the main maps of the United States in textbooks. and Germany, Leased from Panama Despite the obvious relevance of territorial issues to the most important events of the nineteenth centuryit was the question of slavery in the territories that sparked the Civil Warwe nevertheless find it easy to conceive of territories as embryonic states, and thus to touch only lightly on their subjugated status. Caveat: 1945, occurring between decennial census enumerations in the U.S. mainland and at the end of a destabilizing war everywhere else, was not the best year for accurate population counts. The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists. In popular memory, it remains the good war, a war focused mainly on the goal of stopping Hitlers crusade through Europe. ;?={9+;5[?|XI'UX7ZJA'%N7:B5nbuYq"Q13JLhd 4. Perhaps not coincidentally, this was precisely the time when the Wisconsin School developed its understanding of U.S. empire as an informal undertaking. 46, The War on Terror has drawn our attention to how crucial small overseas sites can be to the projection of power. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States: For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.Native American treaties. 203. 3 Albizu founded Puerto Ricos Army of Liberation in the 1930s. Relief shown by hachures. Not only was the occupation itself onerous, but the reconquest of those colonies by the United States was extraordinarily violent. A helpful account of the Wisconsin School is Morgans Into New Territory . Why has this figure, who seems so immediately fascinating, not part of mainstream U.S. historiography? But California was the extreme. commonwealth status as Federated States of Williams and the many historians working in his long shadow have always happily acknowledged the colonies that the United States took. It was, in the Pacific, a war over colonies. On the Insular Cases and the legal questions of empire see especially Christina Duffy Burnett and Marshall Burke, eds., Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution (Durham, NC, 2001); Christina Duffy Burnett, Untied States: American Expansion and Territorial Deannexation, University of Chicago Law Review 72 (2005): 797879; Bartholomew H. Sparrow, The Insular Cases and the Emergence of American Empire (Lawrence, KS, 2006); Kal Raustiala, Does the Constitution Follow the Flag? In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. 43 These little Americas wereand arepockets of extraterritorial control scattered throughout the world. McCormick, interview with James G. Morgan, quoted in Morgans Into New Territory: American Historians and the Concept of US Imperialism (Madison, WI, 2014), 76. But moving it into the non-state column changes little. Albizu presents something of a puzzle. Counting Negroes on the mainland, American Samoa, Hawai'i, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Alaska; nonwhites in Puerto Rico; Negro and Negro-mixed in the Panama Canal Zone; and no one in the Philippines and Guam (for which racial breakdowns were not incorporated into the U.S. census) places U.S. blacks at 8.85% of the population. Sources and figures (in thousands): South Korea (17,917), the Philippines (18,228), and Japan (76,224): Maddison Project Database, January 2013 update, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, www/ggdc.net/maddison ; Hawaii (815), Alaska (138), Puerto Rico (2,071), and the U.S. Virgin Islands (27): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. 36. Examine the map of US acquisitions and annexations. Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley, CA, 2002); Katherine T. McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest: The U.S. Navy in Vieques, Puerto Rico (New Brunswick, NJ, 2002); Noenoe K. Silva, Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2004); Warwick Anderson, Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (Durham, NC, 2006); Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006); Julian Go, American Empire and the Politics of Meaning Elite Political Cultures and the Philippines and Puerto Rico during U.S. Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2008); Julie Greene, The Canal Builders: Making Americas Empire at the Panama Canal (New York, 2009); Jana K. Lipman, Guantnamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution (Berkeley, CA, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy, Policing Americas Empire: The United States, the Philippines and the Rise of the Surveillance State (Madison, WI, 2009); Anne L. Foster, Projections of Power: The United States and Europe in Colonial Southeast Asia (Durham, NC, 2010); Lanny Thompson, Imperial Archipelago: Representation and Rule in the Insular Territories under U.S. Dominion after 1898 (Honolulu, HI, 2010); and Julian Go, Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present (Cambridge, 2011). 30. One might rightly ask whether, in accepting the category of the Greater United States, historians would be implicitly endorsing or naturalizing the United States empire. diss., University of Michigan, 2011); Peter Bacon Hales on atomic testing on the Bikini atoll in Outside the Gates of Eden: The Dream of America from Hiroshima to Now (Chicago, IL, 2014), ch. Relief shown by hachures and spot heights. in 1979, United Nations Trust Territory; self-governing as Northern This was not a freak event. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1994 became a <>>> 22. <> 1853. From what I see coming down the dissertation pipeline, were going to see a lot more. Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. Albizus long career defies easy summary. Dean Kohlhoff, When the Wind Was a River: Aleut Evacuation in World War II (Seattle, WA, 1995) and Jennifer Sepez, Christina Package, Patricia E. Malcolm, and Amanda Poole, Unalaska, Alaska: Memory and Denial in the Globalization of the Aleutian Landscape, Polar Geography 30 (2007): 193209. 34. The premier biography of Albizu is Marisa Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora , 2nd ed. following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of 1856, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 1856; Also available in digital form. 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). And for the U.S. nationals who inhabited those colonies, it was a traumatic affair. The same builders who built the famous New York and Pennsylvania suburbs constructed a planned community in Puerto Rico. independent as Republic of the Marshall Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. I have an assignment, and please dont copy any words and no plagiarism please. 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). The first arc in the history of the Greater United States, concerning western territories, is obviously central to any telling of U.S. history, and has been since at least Frederick Jackson Turners frontier thesis. On the same day that the Japanese struck Hawaii, they also attacked the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, and Howland Island, plus the British territories of Malaya and Hong Kong and the independent kingdom of Thailand. of the United States, Geography 20 Cover-title. xTnI}nw(qA0!`%vl@$;;cTT\\^>HBJJI^IFBUv;_A?HP//4 p"1 44. Like United Kingdom, it applies merely to the central and dominating body, the seat of empire; and Greater America comprises almost as wide a range of governments as Greater Britain itself. 17. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, OH, 1959). In 1898, the rush of imperial expansion encouraged a new understanding of the United States as the Greater United States. Annexation of independent republic. $.' Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. Indeed, a remarkable feature of the intellectual moment of 1898 was its revision of the history of continental expansion, by which western territories came to be seen as quasi-colonies. 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. But we speak less of another anticolonial revolt that broke out in another part of the world. The total area of U.S. overseas bases is reported in Department of Defense, Base Structure ReportFiscal Year 2015 Baseline: A Summary of the Real Property Inventory, Washington, DC, 2015, 84. Certainly, many inhabitants of the territories have regarded U.S. rule as illegitimate and seen themselves as inhabitants of, for example, the Hawaiian nation rather than of the United States. In World War I, inspired by Wilsonian rhetoric of self-determination, Albizu served as a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. If you count Puerto Rico as part of the United States (more about which below), it was the largest police massacre in U.S. history. Has the organization manage. "Copyright by the National Publishing Company, Boston, Mass." Acquisitions Incorporated | Forgotten Realms Wiki | Fandom The Journal of American History has never printed his name. They are maintained, not through informal influence, but through legal agreements, formal incursions onto the sovereignty of host nations. Copyright: H.C. Robertson. It is somewhat absurd to compare that figure to the actual number of black people, given the arbitrary and variable nature of race as a social construction (particularly so within the empire). Though the overseas basing system shrank considerably in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the United States held onto hundreds of bases. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Acquisitions of US Territory, 1783-1853 - etc.usf.edu J. Edgar Hoover to Harry Hopkins, July 17, 1943, FBIPR Files, Pedro Albizu Campos, FBI File No. There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. 3 0 obj 39 It abandoned base sites, in some cases as a response to anti-basing protests. To occupy a country temporarily is obviously different from annexing it. 161. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Philippines Island, Midway Island, Guam and more. 37, To that accounting should be added the overseas military bases that the United States took during the warthe third arc in the history of the Greater United States. Imperial maps are discussed in Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 18801950 (Chicago, IL, 2001), 3844, 17680. As it gained power, it shed territory. 26. With time, Indian Territory was whittled down to Oklahoma. united states acquisitions and annexations 1857 1904 32 And it included the internment of Alaska Natives from the Aleutian Islands by the U.S. government. Mexican Cession. But that assumption is becoming increasingly hard to hold. Diplomatic History used to be like that. Reasoning with a racist logicthe initial cases were decided by the same court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson it concluded that the bulk of the territories were unincorporated into the political body of the United States. Wall maps. The promotion of Hawaii and Alaska to statehood can be seen as part of the global decolonization movement. A map of the territory acquired from Mexico including the annexation of Texas in 1845, California, Utah Territory, and New Mexico Territory in 1848, and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.. The story of western expansion is, of course, well known. United States Maps: Acquisition of Territory; Expansionism As the 1898 generation saw, a full history of the Greater United States is not just the story of overseas territories, but also of western ones. Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out that a full census of all the people who lived under U.S. jurisdiction at the wars endresidents of the states, colonies, and occupied zonesreveals the astonishing fact that the majority (51%) lived outside of the continental United States. Paul Kramer, in his portrait of the United States as a nation-based empire, presents a significantly modified version of the Williams thesis that is skeptical of the clean formal/informal distinction: Power and Connection: Imperial Histories of the United States in the World, American Historical Review 116, no. Besides the above, see especially Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.Korea Relations (New York, 1997); McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest ; Maria Hhn, GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 19451959 (New Haven, CT, 2003); Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis, MN, 2007); Masumichi S. Inoue, Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization (New York, 2007); Harvey Neptune, Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007); Steven High, Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 19401967 (New York, 2009); Lipman, Guantnamo ; Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire ; David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ, 2009); Maria Hhn and Seungsook Moon, eds., Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present (Durham, NC, 2010); Amy Austin Holmes, Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 (Cambridge, 2014); Sasha Davis, The Empires Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific (Athens, GA, 2015); and Vine, Base Nation . Micronesia, United Nations Trust Territory; 1979 self-governing; 1986 In that decade, his followers bombed numerous federal buildings (including the governors mansion) and assassinated Puerto Ricos chief of police. Value of merger and acquisition deals in the United States from 2006 to 3rd quarter 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars) Premium Statistic Number of M&A deals in the U.S. 2000-2021 Surely its meaningful that the present editors of this journal, Nick Cullather and Anne Foster, are both historians of the Philippines. You notice that Pearl Harbor was not just an isolated attack on one patch of U.S. soil but a blitzkrieg directed at U.S. and British colonial holdings in the Pacific. It wound up its occupations, sometimes much faster than it might have (in 1943, Roosevelt suggested that the occupation of Korea should last forty years; it lasted three).